Canavan C, West J, Card T. The epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Epidemiol. 2014;6:71.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chey WD, Kurlander J, Eswaran S. Irritable bowel syndrome: a clinical review. JAMA. 2015;313(9):949–58.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Occhipinti K, Smith JW. Irritable bowel syndrome: a review and update. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2012;25(1):46.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Inadomi J, Fennerty MB, Bjorkman D. The economic impact of irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18(7):671–82.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Camilleri M. Management options for irritable bowel syndrome. In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Elsevier. 2018:1858-72.
Kułak-Bejda A, Bejda G, Waszkiewicz N. Antidepressants for irritable bowel syndrome—a systematic review. Pharmacol Rep. 2017;69(6):1366–79.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Halland M, Talley NJ. New treatments for IBS. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;10(1):13.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Camilleri M, Prather CM. The irritable bowel syndrome: mechanisms and a practical approach to management. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116(12_Part_1):1001–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Koza J, Kwiatkowska R, Jurgoński A, Pujanek M, Ameryk M, Sikorski P, Meder A, Świątkowski M. The importance of serotonin in the gastrointestinal tract. J Educ Health Sport. 2017;7(12):104–10.
Google Scholar
Crowell MD. Role of serotonin in the pathophysiology of the irritable bowel syndrome. Br J Pharmacol. 2004;141(8):1285–93.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Stasi C, Bellini M, Bassotti G, Blandizzi C, Milani S. Serotonin receptors and their role in the pathophysiology and therapy of irritable bowel syndrome. Tech Coloproctol. 2014;18(7):613–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sikander A, Rana SV, Prasad KK. Role of serotonin in gastrointestinal motility and irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Chim Acta. 2009;403(1–2):47–55.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wilson S, Roberts L, Roalfe A, Bridge P, Singh S. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome: a community survey. Br J Gen Pract. 2004;54(504):495–502.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lacy BE. Diagnosis and treatment of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Int J Gen Med. 2016;9:7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zheng Y, Yu T, Tang Y, Xiong W, Shen X, Jiang L, Lin L. Efficacy and safety of 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor antagonists in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0172846.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Anttila SA, Leinonen EV. A review of the pharmacological and clinical profile of mirtazapine. CNS Drug Rev. 2001;7(3):249–64.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Alam A, Voronovich Z, Carley JA. A review of therapeutic uses of mirtazapine in psychiatric and medical conditions. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2013;15(5):PCC.13r01525.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sanagapalli S, Kim E, Zarate-Lopez N. Mirtazapine in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: an open-label study. J Gastroenterol Dig Dis. 2018;3(1):17–21 J Gastroenterol Dig Dis 2018 Volume 3 Issue 2018, 1.
Google Scholar
Thomas SG. Irritable bowel syndrome and mirtazapine. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(8):1341-a–1342.
Article
Google Scholar
Drossman DA, Hasler WL. Rome IV—functional GI disorders: disorders of gut-brain interaction. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6):1257–61.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Heaton KW, O'Donnell L. An office guide to whole-gut transit time. Patients’ recollection of their stool form. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1994;19(1):28–30.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67(6):361–70.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Montazeri A, Vahdaninia M, Ebrahimi M, Jarvandi S. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS): translation and validation study of the Iranian version. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1(1):14.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Francis CY, Morris J, Whorwell PJ. The irritable bowel severity scoring system: a simple method of monitoring irritable bowel syndrome and its progress. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1997;11(2):395–402.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Patrick DL, Drossman DA, Frederick IO, Dicesare J, Puder KL. Quality of life in persons with irritable bowel syndrome (development and validation of a new measure). Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43(2):400–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Masaeli N, Kheirabadi GR, Afshar H, Daghaghzadeh H, Maracy MR, Assadolahi F, Adibi P. Validity, reliability, and factor analysis of Persian version of quality of life questionnaire for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-QOL-34). J Res Med Sci. 2013;18(6):492.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Drossman DA, Chang L, Bellamy N, Gallo-Torres H, Lembo A, Mearin F, Norton N, Whorwell P. Severity in irritable bowel syndrome: a Rome Foundation Working Team report. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106(10):1749–59.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Guilera M, Balboa A, Mearin F. Bowel habit subtypes and temporal patterns in irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(5):1174–84.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rivkin A, Rybalov S. Update on the management of diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: focus on rifaximin and eluxadoline. Pharmacotherapy. 2016;36(3):300–16.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Browning KN, Travagli RA. Central nervous system control of gastrointestinal motility and secretion and modulation of gastrointestinal functions. Compr Physiol. 2011;4(4):1339–68.
Google Scholar
Atkinson W, Lockhart S, Whorwell PJ, Keevil B, Houghton LA. Altered 5-hydroxytryptamine signaling in patients with constipation-and diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(1):34–43.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spiller R, Jenkins D, Thornley J, Hebden J, Wright T, Skinner M, Neal K. Increased rectal mucosal enteroendocrine cells, T lymphocytes, and increased gut permeability following acuteCampylobacter enteritis and in post-dysenteric irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2000;47(6):804–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dunlop SP, Coleman NS, Blackshaw E, Perkins AC, Singh G, Marsden CA, Spiller RC. Abnormalities of 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(4):349–57.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Camilleri M. Is there a SERT-ain association with IBS? Gut. 2004;53(10):1396-9.
Gershon M. Serotonin receptors and transporters—roles in normal and abnormal gastrointestinal motility. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20:3–14.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hirata T, Funatsu T, Keto Y, Yamano M, Yokoyama T, Takakura S, Miyata K, Seki N. Role of serotonin 5-HT3 receptor in the pathogenesis of IBS with diarrhea. In: Journal of pharmacological sciences: 2011: Japanese Pharmacological Soc Editorial Off, Kantohya Bldg Gokomachi …; 2011. p. 45P.
Gunput M. Clinical pharmacology of alosetron. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13:70–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kozlowski CM, Green A, Grundy D, Boissonade F, Bountra C. The 5-HT3 receptor antagonist alosetron inhibits the colorectal distention induced depressor response and spinalc-fos expression in the anaesthetised rat. Gut. 2000;46(4):474–80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jiang S-M, Jia L, Liu J, Shi M-M, Xu M-Z. Beneficial effects of antidepressant mirtazapine in functional dyspepsia patients with weight loss. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(22):5260.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tack J, Ly HG, Carbone F, Vanheel H, Vanuytsel T, Holvoet L, Boeckxstaens G, Caenepeel P, Arts J, Van Oudenhove L. Efficacy of mirtazapine in patients with functional dyspepsia and weight loss. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(3):385–392.e384.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Spiegel DR, Kolb R. Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with comorbid anxiety symptoms with mirtazapine. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2011;34(1):36–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kast R, Foley K. Cancer chemotherapy and cachexia: mirtazapine and olanzapine are 5-HT3 antagonists with good antinausea effects. Eur J Cancer Care. 2007;16(4):351–4.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Öhman L, Simrén M. Pathogenesis of IBS: role of inflammation, immunity and neuroimmune interactions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;7(3):163.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barbara G, Wang B, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R, Cremon C, Di Nardo G, Trevisani M, Campi B, Geppetti P, Tonini M. Mast cell-dependent excitation of visceral-nociceptive sensory neurons in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2007;132(1):26–37.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sander LE, Lorentz A, Sellge G, Coeffier M, Neipp M, Veres T, Frieling T, Meier PN, Manns MP, Bischoff SC. Selective expression of histamine receptors H1R, H2R, and H4R, but not H3R, in the human intestinal tract. Gut. 2006;55(4):498–504.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fu L-W, Pan H-L, Longhurst JC. Endogenous histamine stimulates ischemically sensitive abdominal visceral afferents through H1 receptors. Am J Phys Heart Circ Phys. 1997;273(6):H2726–37.
CAS
Google Scholar
La JH, Kim TW, Sung TS, Kim HJ, Kim JY, Yang IS. Role of mucosal mast cells in visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome. J Vet Sci. 2004;5(4):319–24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Klooker TK, Braak B, Koopman KE, Welting O, Wouters MM, van der Heide S, Schemann M, Bischoff SC, van den Wijngaard RM, Boeckxstaens GE. The mast cell stabiliser ketotifen decreases visceral hypersensitivity and improves intestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2010;59(9):1213–21.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wouters MM, Balemans D, Van Wanrooy S, Dooley J, Cibert-Goton V, Alpizar YA, Valdez-Morales EE, Nasser Y, Van Veldhoven PP, Vanbrabant W. Histamine receptor H1–mediated sensitization of TRPV1 mediates visceral hypersensitivity and symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(4):875–887.e879.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hartmann PM. Mirtazapine: a newer antidepressant. Am Fam Physician. 1999;59(1):159.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bendtsen L, Jensen R. Mirtazapine is effective in the prophylactic treatment of chronic tension-type headache. Neurology. 2004;62(10):1706–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Theobald DE, Kirsh KL, Holtsclaw E, Donaghy K, Passik SD. An open-label, crossover trial of mirtazapine (15 and 30 mg) in cancer patients with pain and other distressing symptoms. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2002;23(5):442–7.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Freynhagen R, Muth-Selbach U, Lipfert P, Stevens MF, Zacharowski K, Tölle T, von Giesen HJ. The effect of mirtazapine in patients with chronic pain and concomitant depression. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(2):257–64.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Schreiber S, Rigai T, Katz Y, Pick CG. The antinociceptive effect of mirtazapine in mice is mediated through serotonergic, noradrenergic and opioid mechanisms. Brain Res Bull. 2002;58(6):601–5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ahmet İ, Büyükşekerci M, Ulusoy HB. Antinociceptive effect of mirtazapine in rats with diabetic neuropathy. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi. 2016;53(1):12.
Article
Google Scholar
Sengupta JN, Su X, Gebhart GF. Kappa, but not mu or delta, opioids attenuate responses to distention of afferent fibers innervating the rat colon. Gastroenterology. 1996;111(4):968–80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Delvaux M, Beck A, Jacob J, Bouzamondo H, Weber F, Frexinos J. Effect of asimadoline, a κ opioid agonist, on pain induced by colonic distension in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;20(2):237–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Qin H-Y, Cheng C-W, Tang X-D, Bian Z-X. Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol: WJG. 2014;20(39):14126.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Singh P, Agnihotri A, Pathak MK, Shirazi A, Tiwari RP, Sreenivas V, Sagar R, Makharia GK. Psychiatric, somatic and other functional gastrointestinal disorders in patients with irritable bowel syndrome at a tertiary care center. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012;18(3):324.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Benjamin S, Doraiswamy PM. Review of the use of mirtazapine in the treatment of depression. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011;12(10):1623–32.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kato T, Hirose A, Ohno Y, Shimizu H, Tanaka H, Nakamura M. Binding profile of SM-9018, a novel antipsychotic candidate. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1990;54(4):478–81.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hernández-Abrego A, Vázquez-Gómez E, García-Colunga J. Effects of the antidepressant mirtazapine and zinc on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neurosci Lett. 2018;665:246–51.
Article
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Uno J, Obara K, Suzuki H, Miyatani S, Chino D, Yoshio T, Tanaka Y. Inhibitory effects of antidepressants on acetylcholine-induced contractions in isolated Guinea pig urinary bladder smooth muscle. Pharmacology. 2017;99(1–2):89–98.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Deakin B, Dursun S. Optimizing antidepressant treatment: efficacy and tolerability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;17:S13–24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar