STUDY (Author + Year) | COUNTRY | STUDY DESIGN | N | RECRUITMENT | DIAGNOSIS IBS | ||||||||||||||
Migraineurs with IBS | |||||||||||||||||||
Wu (2017) [43] | Taiwan | Cohort | Total cases: 2859 Migraine: 2859 IBS: 239 Controls: 5718 | Used data from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan | Used disease history records with the International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision (ICD-9-CM), in which IBS has the following code: 564.1 | ||||||||||||||
Lau (2014) [9] | Taiwan | Cohort | Total cases: 14,117 Migraine: 14,117 Controls: 56,468 | Randomly selected 1 million people from the Taiwanese insurance claims database in the period of 1996 to 2010 | Used the disease history as recorded in the International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), in which IBS has the following code: 564.1 | ||||||||||||||
Penn (2019) [12] | Taiwan | Cohort | Total cases: 17,420 Migraine: 17,420 IBS: 3330 Controls: 69,680 | Acquired data from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID) | Used disease history records with the International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision (ICD-9-CM), in which IBS has the following code: 564.1 | ||||||||||||||
Warren (2009) [34] | USA | Case–control | Total cases: 313 IBS: 86 Migraine: 112 Controls:313 | Three ways. 1.Associations: the Interstitial Cystitis Association and the Interstitial Cystitis Network. 2.Professionals and support groups: urologists, gynaecologists, and regional IC/PBS support groups 3.Advertising: brochures, posters, national meetings, letters, newsletters, blast e-mails, and Website links. Controls were recruited by random digit dialling on a national scale | IBS diagnosis and onset was confirmed through a 6-step process using telephone interviews and medical record reviewing | ||||||||||||||
Martami (2017) [37] | Italy | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 1574 Migraine: 181 Headache78 Controls: 1315 | Individuals that were referred to the Obesity Research Centre of Sina Hospital in the period from 2009 to 2016 | Confirmed by a gastroenterology specialist. IBS was characterized according to ROME-III criteria | ||||||||||||||
Kim (2022) [41] | South Korea | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 781,115 IBS: 43,184 Migraine: 8438 | Medical information reported to the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA) was used. Most Koreans are enrolled in this universal health insurance system. The dataset used random stratification based on 5-year interval ages and gender (HIRA-NPS-2018) | Confirmed using Code K58 of the Korean Standard Classification of Disease and Cause of Death-7 (KCD-7) | ||||||||||||||
Tietjen (2007) [35] | USA | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 171 Migraine: 171 IBS: 52 Controls: 104 | Two different institutions: University of Toledo Medical Centre (Toledo, OH) and Duke University Medical Centre (Durham, NC) | Confirmed through a questionnaire that inquired the following self-reported physician-diagnosed conditions: “Have you ever been diagnosed by a doctor with IBS?” | ||||||||||||||
Grassini (2016) [42] | Sweden | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 151 Migraine: 151 IBS: 80 Controls: 3255 | Acquisition of a representative sample of the general population from the county of Veasterbotten. Random selection from the population registry took place after stratification for sex and age | Used the Patient Health Questionnaire 15-Item Somatic Symptom Severity Scale (PHQ-15) and asking the question: “Have you been diagnosed with this disease by a physician?” The diseases included were fibromyalgia, IBS, CFS, exhaustion syndrome, depression | ||||||||||||||
Lankarani (2017) [40] | Iran | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 755 Migraine: 246 IBS: 184 Controls: 1609 | Took place in Baladeha village near Kazerun, which is in the west of Fars province, Iran. Each individual older than 15 years was invited to participate in a medical interview at the health care center in this region | Used three-dimensional questionnaire which was completed during the physicians’ interview. The third dimension contained questions on gastrointestinal functional disorders symptoms in accordance with the ROME-III criteria | ||||||||||||||
Lee (2017) [39] | South Korea | Case–control | Total cases: 336 Migraine: 168 Headache168 Controls: 336 | Clinical big data analytic solution Smart CDW from Hallym University Medical Centre (HUMC) was used of patients with common primary headaches (including migraines and TTH), and controls from January 2006 to August 2016 at the Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital of HUMC | Confirmed by physician after work-ups for patients who visited the gastroenterology centre more than 2 times consecutively | ||||||||||||||
Li (2017) [38] | China | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 1052 Migraine: 287 IBS: 312 Controls: 287 | Used data of patients from the internal medicine and emergency departments of three hospitals (General Hospital of PLA, Rocket Army General Hospital, and the 316th Hospital of PLA) from June 2014 until 2016 | IBS diagnosis was confirmed via the use of the ROME-III criteria | ||||||||||||||
McLean (2017) [36] | UK | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 1,468,404 Migraine: 9370 IBS: 52,333 Controls: 1,459,034 | Data obtainment from the Primary Care Clinical Informatics Unit at the University of Aberdeen of patients that were permanently registered at one of 314 Scottish general practices on March 31, 2007 | IBS diagnosis was confirmed through information in register | ||||||||||||||
IBS patients with Migraine | |||||||||||||||||||
Ladabaum (2012) [30] | USA | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 141,295 IBS: 141,295 Migraine: 80,266 Control: 141,294 | Recruitment from 1995 to 2005, of all individuals who were enrolled in KPNC. This population is demographically representative of the general population of northern California | Patients who had at least received 1 diagnosis from a medical doctor between 1995–2005 | ||||||||||||||
Poitras (2007) [27] | Canada | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 167 IBS: 71 Migraine: 174 Control: 67 | Patients followed by the gastroenterology department of the Hospital Saint-Luc, which is a tertiary care university hospital | E-mail questionnaire based on ROME-II criteria | ||||||||||||||
Vandvik (2004) [25] | Norway | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 208 IBS: 208 Migraine: 25 Control: 1240 | Norwegian general practices. The study was executed during 2001 in nine practices in the county of Oppland | GPs reported on abdominal complaints using a paper questionnaire. Those who reported abdominal complaints within the past 3 months, were diagnosed according to the ROME-II criteria | ||||||||||||||
Cole (2006) [26] | USA | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 97,593 IBS: 97,593 Migraine: 6501 Control: 27,402 | Data from eight different states with the largest concentration of health plan membership, primarily in mid/west and south/south-eastern United States | IBS diagnosis was established by using the ICD-9 CM. The corresponding code is 564.1 | ||||||||||||||
IBS patients with Headache | |||||||||||||||||||
Tuteja (2019) [32] | USA | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 413 IBS: 148 Control: 47 | Data from list of GW Veterans from the Gulf War Registry of the Veterans Affairs Medical Centres in Salt Lake City, Utah and Gainesville (Florida). Data of 655 Veterans and 3.350 Veterans respectively. Other methods to recruit veterans was via advertisments | Previously validated Talley's Bowel Disease Questionnaire (BDQ) to assess current GI symptoms based on ROME-III criteria | ||||||||||||||
Przekop (2012) [29] | USA | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 598 IBS: 366 Headache: 3782 Control: 3213 | Data drawn from the Biopsychosocial Religion and Health Study (BRHS). BRHS investigators randomly sampled individuals who participated in the Adventist Health Study 2 (AHS-2, 2002–2007) | Used the BRHS questionnaire. Physical symptom frequency in the past month was assessed by means of questions about how frequently participants experienced headache, indigestion, constipation, diarrhoea, and incontinence | ||||||||||||||
Whitehead (2007) [28] | USA | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 3724 IBS: 3153 Control: 3153 | Used data of the Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound (GHC). This is a large staff-model HMO that serves approximately 550.000 residents in Washington. GHC provides comprehensive health care primarily on a capitated basis | IBS was diagnosed using the ICD9-CM codes listed in the administrative database previously identified by the clinician at the time of clinic visit | ||||||||||||||
Tan (2003) [24] | Malaysia | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 533 IBS: 84 Headache: 228 | Assessed the self-report questionnaires that were administered to a population of medical students from the Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya | Questionnaire based on the Rome I criteria. It was defined as abdominal pain or discomfort for at least 3 months, which was relieved with defecation, associated with a change in frequency and consistency of stool | ||||||||||||||
Yanartas (2019) [33] | Turkey | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 207 IBS: 51 Headache 164 Control: 67 | Gastroenterology and internal medicine outpatient clinic from March 2017 to September 2018 at Marmara University School of Medicine (Istanbul, Turkey) | IBS diagnosis was confirmed according to ROME-IV criteria | ||||||||||||||
Patel (2015) [31] | UK | Cross-sectional | Total cases: 840 IBS: 840 Headache 544 Control: 2137 | Individuals who were newly referred from primary care to secondary care for investigation of GI symptoms. This took place at either McMaster University Medical Centre or St. Joseph’s Healthcare, both hospitals located in Hamilton (Ontario, Canada) | Data collected via the validated ROME-III diagnostic questionnaire for adult functional GI disorders. Through this the following information was recorded using a Likert scale: the frequency of individual lower GI symptoms, including lower abdominal pain or discomfort, stool frequency, stool consistency, bloating or abdominal distension, tenesmus and urgency | ||||||||||||||
STUDY (Author + Year) | DIAGNOSIS MIGRAINE | DIAGNOSIS HEADACHE | MEAN AGE | QUALITY SCORE | HR/OR | ||||||||||||||
Migraineurs with IBS | |||||||||||||||||||
Wu (2017) [43] | By means of the International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision (ICD-9-CM) with code 346 for migraine | Cases: 46.5 Controls: 46.1 | 71.4% Female 28.6% Male | 9 | HR: 1.58 (1.33–1.87) | ||||||||||||||
Lau (2014) [9] | Disease history records with the International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), in which Migraine’s code is: 346 | Total: 42.5 Migraine: 42.5 Controls: same migraine | 72.6% Female, 27.4% Male | 8 | HR: 1.95 (1.75–2.18) | ||||||||||||||
Penn (2019) [12] | Patients with a history of migraine (ICD-9-CM code 346) | Total cases: 44.5 Migraine: 44.5 Controls: 44.2 | 73.4% Female, 26.6% Male | 10 | HR: 1.36 (1.17 to 1.58) | ||||||||||||||
Warren (2009) [34] | Through telephone interview which was used to identify 7 syndromes in total. This interview included expert consensus criteria for the following categories: CFS, IBS, panic, and migraine | Cases: 42.3 Controls: 42.9 | 100% Female | 9 | OR: 3.6 (2.3–5.6) | ||||||||||||||
Martami (2017) [37] | Confirmed by a neurologist according to the international classification of headache disorders-III (ICHD-III-β) | TTH diagnosis was confirmed by a neurologist according to the international classification of headache disorders-III (ICHD-III-β) | Total cases: 37.44 Migraine: 38.39 Headache 41.08 Controls: 37.10 | 83.5% Female, 16.5% Male | 8 | OR: 4.90 (2.00–12.01) | |||||||||||||
Kim (2022) [41] | Used Code G43 of the Korean Standard Classification of Disease and Cause of Death-7 (KCD-7) | elderly (≥ 65 years) than in the adult group (≥ 20 and | 50.1% Female, 49.9% Male | 7 | OR: 2.18 (2.04–2.33) | ||||||||||||||
Tietjen (2007) [35] | Defined by the second International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) criteria, through completion of the digital Headache Impact TestTM (HIT6) | Total cases: 39.1 Migraine: 37.6 Controls: 40.6 | 100% Female | 9 | OR: 2.7 (1.2–6.1) | ||||||||||||||
Grassini (2016) [42] | Self-report on a received diagnosis of migraine by a physician | Total cases: 48.2 Migraine: 48.2 Controls: 51.4 | 64.6% Female, 35.4% Male | 4 | OR: 3.12 (1.60–6.06) | ||||||||||||||
Lankarani (2017) [40] | Through the three-dimensional questionnaire completed during the physicians’ interview. The second dimension included questions on presence of headache symptoms based on criteria of International Headache Society | Total cases: 34.3 | 56.4% Female, 43.6% Male | 8 | OR: 3.43 (2.40–4.89) | ||||||||||||||
Lee (2017) [39] | Reference to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) second or third edition ( ICHD II or ICHD 3-beta) | Reference to the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) second or third edition ( ICHD II or ICHD 3-beta) | Range 19–80 | 83.9% Female, 16.1% Male | 9 | OR: 3.04 (0.50–18.35) | |||||||||||||
Li (2017) [38] | Based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition (ICHD-3-beta) | Total cases: 41.5 Migraine: 41.3 IBS: 40.2 Controls: 40.9 | 67.9% Female, 32.1% Male | 8 | OR: 1.07 (1.02–1.12), | ||||||||||||||
McLean (2017) [36] | Based on whether patients had four or more anti-migraine prescriptions in the previous 12 months | Total cases: 48.8 Migraine: 50.5 Controls: 47.0 | 67.8% Female, 32.2% Male | 7 | OR: 2.22 (2.08–2.37) | ||||||||||||||
IBS patients with Migraine | |||||||||||||||||||
Ladabaum (2012) [30] | Based on patients who had at least received 1 diagnosis from a medical doctor between 1995–2005 | Total cases: 53 IBS: 53 Control: 53 | 73.6% Female, 26.4% Male | 9 | OR: 2.31 (2.27–2.35) | ||||||||||||||
Poitras (2007) [27] | E-mail questionnaire which also contained extra-GI related questions | Total cases: 43 IBS: 46.8 Control: 42.2 | 100% Female | 9 | OR: 2.4 (1.29–4.47) | ||||||||||||||
Vandvik (2004) [25] | Self-administered questionnaires which had to be completed at the first visit | Total cases: 50.3 IBS: 50.3 | 67% Female, 33% Male | 7 | OR: 2 (1.2–3.5) | ||||||||||||||
Cole (2006) [26] | Diagnosed by a physician, any past hospitalization associated migraine or outpatient prescriptions associated with anti-migraine drugs (e.g. ergot alkaloid or triptan). Both the diagnosis and the prescription criteria had to be fulfilled to be clasified withing the migraine group | aged 18 and older | 75% Female, 25% Male | 7 | OR: 1.6 (1.4 – 1.7) | ||||||||||||||
IBS patients with Headache | |||||||||||||||||||
Tuteja (2019) [32] | Used the Somatic Symptom Checklist (SSC). The checklist was used to detect the following extra‐intestinal symptoms: headache, backache, wheeziness, insomnia, bad breath, fatigue, general stiff‐ ness, dizziness, weakness, sensitivity to hot and cold, palpitation, and tightness in chest | Range 32–78 Total cases: 47 | 10.5% Female, 89.5% Male | 6 | OR: 2.33 (1.36‐3.99) | ||||||||||||||
Przekop (2012) [29] | Used the BRHS questionnaire. Physical symptom frequency in the past month was assessed by means of questions about how frequently participants experienced headache, indigestion, constipation, diarrhea, and incontinence | Total cases: 63.1 IBS: 64.9 Control: 62.4 | 100% Female | 4 | OR: 0.52 (0.2–1.38) | ||||||||||||||
Whitehead (2007) [28] | Used the ICD9-CM codes listed in the administrative database previously identified by the clinician at the time of clinic visit | aged 18 and older | 68.7% Female, 31.3% Male | 9 | OR: 2.40 (2.07–2.78) | ||||||||||||||
Tan (2003) [24] | Via questionnaire evaluating also other aspects of inquiry including alcohol intake, smoking, chili consumption, fibre intake, the presence anxiety, depression, insomnia, headache, and health-seeking behaviour | Total cases: 22 | 57% Female, 43% Male | 5 | OR: 1.7 (1.0–2.8) | ||||||||||||||
Yanartas (2019) [33] | Used the Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI) which is a multi-ethnic inventory of functional somatic complaints associated with anxiety and depression. It measured a wide range of somatic symptoms during the previous month | Total cases: 35.1 IBS: 36 Control: 32.1 | 72.2% Female, 27.8% Male | 10 | OR: 2.21 (1.05–4.65) | ||||||||||||||
Patel (2015) [31] | Data obtained through the PHQ-12 questionnaire (excluded 3 GI questions). It asks about the presence of somatic symptoms over the last 4 weeks | Total cases: 43.3 IBS: 38.3 Control: 48.3 | 74.5% Female, 25.5% Male | 7 | OR: 2.58 (2.13–3.13) |