Weight loss in conservative treatment of obesity in women is associated with physical activity and circadian phenotype: a longitudinal observational study

Table 1 Objectively defined circadian phenotype and interdaily stability distribution

	n	Acrophase	BMI at begining (kg/m²)	dBMI (kg/m²)	Age	Mesor (diff. the first and last 14 days)	IS	Social jet-lag	Chronotype
	10	Late phenotype	34.4 ± 10.4	0.2 ± 0.8	27.6 ± 6.0	−42.2 ± 144.2	0.5 ± 0.1	1.5 ± 1.1	44.9 ± 10.1
	48	Middle phenotype	34.9 ± 6.1	−1.1 ± 1.4	36.9 ± 7.9	− 15.4 ± 77.0	0.6 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.8	52.8 ± 7.2
	17	Early phenotype	32.8 ± 6.5	− 0.7 ± 1.8	40.7 ± 7.0	2.3 ± 72.0	0.6 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 1.0	59.8 ± 6.7
Total	75		34.3 ± 6.8	− 0.8 ± 1.5	36.5 ± 8.3	− 14.9 ± 87.1	0.6 ± 0.1	1.3 ± 0.9	53.4 ± 8.6
		sig. & type of test	p = 0.560 (F = 0.585)	p = 0.049 (F = 3.146)	p < 0.001 (F = 9.629)	p = 0.749 (χ2 = 0.578)	p = 0.624 F = 0.475)	p = 0.657 (F = 0.422)	p < 0.001 (F = 10.747)
	n	IS	BMI at begining (kg/m²)	dBMI (kg/m²)	Age	Mesor (diff. The first and last 14 days)	Acrophase	Social jet-lag	Chronotype
	33	Stable	33.9 ± 5.5	−0.6 ± 1.3	37.7 ± 7.6	9.9 ± 69.6	14.6 ± 0.9	1.0 ± 0.9	53.9 ± 8.1
	34	Slighty unstable	34.5 ± 6.9	−1.1 ± 1.7	36.1 ± 9.3	−27.5 ± 94.6	14.6 ± 1.0	1.6 ± 0.8	53.8 ± 9.0
	8	Unstable	35.6 ± 11.3	− 0.5 ± 1.3	33.0 ± 6.0	−64.4 ± 96.9	15.3 ± 1.1	1.7 ± 0.9	49.0 ± 9.0
Total	75		34.3 ± 6.8	− 0.8 ± 1.5	36.5 ± 8.3	− 14.9 ± 87.1	14.7 ± 1.0	1.3 ± 0.9	53.4 ± 8.6
		sig. & type of test	p = 0.821 (F = 0.198)	p = 0.533 (χ2 = 1.260)	p = 0.348 (F = 1.072)	p = 0.106 (F = 2.321)	p = 0.382 (F = 0.977)	p = 0.066 (F = 2.828)	p = 0.405 (F = 0.916)

Circadian phenotype (CP) distribution (based on the acrophase) and mean BMI at the beginning of the treatment, the mean dBMI (change of BMI during actigraphy measurement), mean age, chronotype and social jet-lag, mean mesor difference between the first and last 14 days of measurement, means intradaily stability (IS) from the whole measurement period. The late phenotype is the most likely to gain weight (mean 0.2 kg/m²), while the middle phenotype lost weight of 1.1 kg/m² on average and the early phenotype lost weight of 0.7 kg/m² on average. A significant relationship was found between acrophase and change in BMI (dBMI) (F = 3.146, p = 0.049) and between acrophase and age (F = 9.629, p < 0.001). Participants were divided according to the stability of their circadian rhythm (IS) and the respective means of the same variables. Statistical analyses showed that there was no significant relationship between dBMI and IS (χ2 = 1.260, p = 0.533). At the same time, the link between acrophase and chronotype was confirmed

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