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Table 3 Multilevel analysis of sleep duration during weekdays in 2018–2020

From: Changes in the sleeping habits of Japanese university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a 3-year follow-up study

 

Estimate

SE

95% confidence limits

P-value

Lower

Upper

Men

2.1

4.4

-6.6

10.7

0.64

Women

reference

    

2018

-0.9

3.7

-8.1

6.3

0.80

2019

reference

    

2020

18.4

5.0

8.6

28.2

0.0003

Family home

reference

    

Lodgings

23.3

4.4

14.6

32.1

 < .0001

First year

reference

    

Second year

14.4

7.7

-0.7

29.4

0.06

Third year

11.6

8.0

-4.1

27.3

0.15

Fourth year

21.2

8.3

4.9

37.5

0.1

Fifth year

14.3

8.3

-2.0

30.5

0.08

Sixth year

20.2

8.3

4.0

36.4

0.01

Always do something before going to bed

 Yes

-0.08

5.6

-11.3

11.1

0.98

 no

reference

    

Take hypnotics or minor tranquilizer

 Yes

-10.9

12.6

-38.1

16.4

0.41

 no

reference

    

Sleep apnea

 Yes

1.6

5.0

-8.4

11.6

0.75

 no

reference

    

Arousal during sleep

 Yes

9.1

5.8

-2.5

20.7

0.12

 no

reference

    

Extracurricular activities

 Yes

-1.8

4.6

-10.8

7.3

0.70

 No

reference

    

Part-time job

 Yes

0

4.3

-8.6

8.5

0.99

 No

reference

    

Smoking

 Yes

10.2

11.7

-17.6

38.0

0.41

 No

reference

    

Drinking

 Yes

0.2

4.2

-8.1

8.5

0.97

 No

reference