Fig. 1

Results of path analysis incorporating the HA score on the TCI. In addition to the HA score on the TCI, the total score on the CATS, the negative change score on the LES, premenstrual symptom severity evaluated by the PMDD scale, and control variables (age and menstrual cycle) were incorporated in the path analysis of 240 adult female volunteers from the Japanese community. Control variables are not shown. Solid arrows indicate statistically significant direct effects. Broken arrows indicate statistically nonsignificant direct effects. Numbers beside the single-headed arrows are standardized path coefficients. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001. CATS, Child Abuse and Trauma Scale; HA, harm avoidance; LES, Life Experiences Survey; PMDD scale, premenstrual dysphoric disorder scale; TCI, Temperament and Character Inventory