Table 4 Sleep and presenteeism outcomes for each study included in the systematic review
From: A systematic review of the effect of sleep interventions on presenteeism
Study | Intervention | Sleep outcomes | Presenteeism outcomes | Statistical significance (Presenteeism) | Risk of bias (Cochrane Collaboration’s tool) | Risk of bias (ROBINS-I) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bostock et al. (2016) [16] | CBT-I (Digital cognitive behavioral therapy: Sleepio) Intervention vs. control | SCI | WPAI | F (1, 485) = 10.99, p < 0.001, d = 0.67 | Low risk of bias: 4/7 High risk of bias: 0/7 Unclear risk of bias: 3/7 | N/A |
Espie et al. (2018) [11] | CBT-I (Digital cognitive behavioral therapy: Sleepio) Pre vs. post | SCI | WPAI | t (87) = 4.83, p < 0.01 | N/A | Critical |
Behrendt et al. (2020) [29] | Internet-delivered CBT-I Intervention vs. control | ISI | Self-report of the number of days in the past 3 months that work efficiency has decreased due to ill health | Posttreatment N/A 6-months follow-up mean difference between groups = −6.455, p < 0.001, d = 0.83 | Low risk of bias: 3/7 High risk of bias: 3/7 Unclear risk of bias: 1/7 | N/A |
Burton et al. (2016) [17] | Sleep hygiene education Pre vs. post | Mayo Clinic tool | WLQ Time-management demands Physical demands Mental-interpersonal demands Output demands Overall | No description of the coefficient of the chi-square test Time-management demands p < 0.001 Physical demands n.s. Mental-interpersonal demands p < 0.001 Output demands p < 0.001 Overall p < 0.001 | N/A | Critical |
Wolever et al. (2012) [30] | Yoga Mindfulness Intervention vs. control | PSQI | WLQ (overall) | F (2, 233) = 2.07, n.s., η2 = 0.02 | Low risk of bias: 2/7 High risk of bias: 0/7 Unclear risk of bias: 5/7 | N/A |
Morgan et al. (2012) [31] | The workplace power program Intervention vs. control | ESS | WLQ Time-management demands Physical demands Mental-interpersonal demands Output demands Overall | Time-management demands mean difference between groups is 7.7, p = 0.20, d = 0.37 Physical demands mean difference between groups is 9.8, p = 0.04, d = 0.41 Mental-interpersonal demands mean difference between groups is 5.0, p = 0.11, d = 0.35 Output demands mean difference between groups is 6.1, p = 0.23, d = 0.29 Overall mean difference between groups is 2.0, p = 0.01, d = 0.56 | Low risk of bias: 4/7 High risk of bias: 1/7 Unclear risk of bias: 2/7 | N/A |
Mills et al. (2007) [32] | Changing the color temperature of fluorescent lights in the workplace (17,000 K vs. 2900 K) Intervention vs. control Pre vs. post | Item 9 of Columbia Jet Lag Scale (sleepiness during the day) | WHO-HPQ | Overall t (67) = −2.72, n.s. Intervention change t (45) = − 6.07, p < 0.001 Control change t (22) = − 1.16, n.s. | N/A | Serious |