Fig. 2

Effects of yoga on perceived stress as assessed by the PSS.

The PSS scores were compared before (pre) and after (post) practicing yoga for three months in a healthy group (H, n = 64), a poor health group (PH, n = 111), and a chronic disease group (CD, n = 130). Data from participants that had missing values were excluded from analysis. ** P < 0.01 (pre vs post, paired t-test). PSS: Perceived Stress Scale; H: healthy participants; PH: participants in poor health; CD: participants with chronic diseases. The bar represents standard deviation. d: effect size between pre and post (Cohen’s d).