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Table 3 Associations between explanatory variables and depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress

From: Factors influencing post-ICU psychological distress in family members of critically ill patients: a linear mixed-effects model

 

Depression (HADS-depression)a

Anxiety (HADS-anxiety)a

Posttraumatic stress (IED-R-6)a

Model term

Estimate

95% CIb

p-Value

Estimate

95% CIb

p-Value

Estimate

95% CIb

p-Value

(Intercept)

4.736

from 2.57 to 6.90

<  0.0001

7.095

from 4.89 to 9.31

<  0.0001

12.848

from 10.41 to 15.29

<  0.0001

Satisfaction with care (FS-ICU-24)

−0.064

from −0.11 to − 0.02

0.01

− 0.063

from − 0.11 to − 0.02

0.01

− 0.054

from − 0.10 to − 0.00

0.037

Age of family member

0.024

from − 0.03 to 0.08

0.31

0.020

from − 0.03 to 0.07

0.40

0.015

from − 0.04 to 0.07

0.57

Female gender of family member

−0.677

from −2.38 to 1.03

0.38

0.546

from −1.13 to 2.22

0.47

0.436

from − 1.53 to 2.40

0.62

Being the spouse or partner

0.058

from −2.38 to 2.49

0.96

0.335

from −2.13 to 2.80

0.76

−1.475

from −4.27 to 1.32

0.25

Co-habiting with critically ill person

1.533

from −0.77 to 3.83

0.16

0.152

from −2.19 to 2.50

0.88

1.276

from −1.33 to 3.88

0.29

Higher education level

−0.183

from −1.60 to 1.24

0.77

−0.292

from −1.76 to 1.18

0.66

−0.799

from −2.40 to 0.80

0.28

Living closer to hospital

0.029

from −1.41 to 1.47

0.96

−0.457

from −1.96 to 1.04

0.50

−0.651

from −2.25 to 0.95

0.37

Family support service, yes

0.880

from −0.62 to 2.38

0.25

0.346

from −1.28 to 1.97

0.68

0.337

from −1.33 to 2.00

0.69

Time since ICU discharge > 4 weeks

−0.895

from −2.30 to 0.50

0.17

−0.574

from −1.99 to 0.84

0.38

−0.645

from −2.23 to 0.94

0.37

Age of patient

−0.052

from −0.10 to − 0.00

0.038

−0.048

from − 0.10 to 0.00

0.059

− 0.021

from − 0.08 to 0.03

0.39

Female gender of patient

−0.743

from −2.15 to 0.66

0.30

−0.011

from −1.50 to 1.48

0.99

−0.682

from −2.25 to 0.88

0.39

Cause of ADM: transfer from other ICUc

−0.746

from −3.11 to 1.62

0.48

−0.888

from −3.34 to 1.56

0.43

−1.062

from − 3.71 to 1.59

0.37

Cause of ADM: organ transplantc

−1.832

from −3.79 to 0.12

0.062

−1.407

from −3.42 to 0.60

0.15

−0.913

from −3.12 to 1.29

0.36

Cause of ADM: elective surgeryc

0.247

from −1.54 to 2.03

0.75

0.348

from −1.48 to 2.18

0.67

−1.036

from −3.04 to 0.97

0.26

Length of ICU stay > 5 days

−0.655

from −1.99 to 0.68

0.33

−0.821

from −2.25 to 0.61

0.26

−0.080

from −1.57 to 1.41

0.92

Death of patient in ICU, yes

3.186

from 1.54 to 4.83

0.0002

1.146

from −0.64 to 2.93

0.21

3.096

from 1.31 to 4.88

0.0008

  1. aCoefficient estimates from a linear mixed effects model on the HADS-depression and HADS-anxiety of family members from all patients. A random intercept was modelled per patient. A total of 198 family members from 179 patients were included in the HADS-depression models. A total of 200 family members from 180 patients were included in the HADS-anxiety model. A total of 201 family members from 182 patients were included in the IES-R-6 posttraumatic stress model
  2. bconfidence interval
  3. creference category is unplanned admission to ICU