Fig. 2

The structural equation model including ‘overprotection’ of the PBI, personality trait subscales of the Temperament and Character Inventory, i.e., harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD), persistence (P), self-directedness (SD), and self-transcendence (ST), as well as the well-being subscale of the Subjective Well-being Inventory from 402 adult volunteers. Rectangles indicate the observed variables, and the oval indicates the latent variable. The numbers indicate the direct standardized path coefficients. The indirect effect of ‘overprotection’ on ‘well-being’ through five personality traits indicates the standardized coefficient with the 99%CI calculated by Bayesian estimation. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001