Pilot study of a basic individualized cognitive behavioral therapy program for chronic pain in Japan

Table 5 Estimated mean difference and standardized mean difference in low QOL participants (EQ5D-5 L ≤0.80)

	Baseline to post-treatment		Baseline to follow-up
	MD	SMD (Hedge’s g)	MD	SMD(Hedge’s g)
Overall QOL measures
EQ5D-5 L (primary outcome)	0.18 [0.09, 0.27]	−1.24 [−2.14, −0.34]	0.15 [0.06, 0.24]	−1.01 [− 1.88, − 0.14]
SF-12-PCS	3.97 [−4.62, 12.56]	−0.32 [−1.14, 0.50]	7.51 [−1.35, 16.36]	−0.59 [−1.42, 0.25]
SF-12-MCS	11.01 [4.20, 17.83]	−1.12 [−2.00, −0.23]	7.84 [0.74, 14.95]	−0.76 [−1.61, 0.08]
SF-12-RCS	12.11 [6.21, 18.02]	−1.33 [−2.24, −0.42]	8.85 [2.71, 14.98]	−0.94 [−1.80, − 0.07]
Pain severity / Disability
NRS summary score	−1.00 [− 1.66, −0.34]	0.96 [0.09, 1.83]	−0.48 [−1.17, 0.20]	0.45 [−0.38, 1.28]
PDAS	−8.00 [−15.86, −0.14]	0.71 [−0.14, 1.55]	−3.75 [−11.83, 4.33]	0.32 [−0.50, 1.14]
Pain-related psychological variables
PCS	−15.99 [−23.54, −8.43]	1.40 [0.48, 2.32]	−15.76 [−23.6, −7.93]	1.34 [0.43, 2.25]
TSK-11	−3.81 [−8.37, 0.75]	0.58 [−0.26, 1.41]	−4.23 [−8.96, 0.50]	0.62 [−0.22, 1.46]
PSEQ	14.14 [5.90, 22.38]	−1.12 [−2.00, −0.24]	16.03 [7.48, 24.57]	−1.23 [−2.12, −0.33]
Depressive symptoms
PHQ-9 total	−5.56 [−8.46, −2.67]	1.33 [0.42, 2.24]	−4.82 [−7.82, −1.83]	1.11 [0.23, 1.99]

MD Mean difference, SMD Standardized mean difference (Hedge’s g), QOL Quality of life, EQ5D-5 L EuroQol five-dimensional questionnaire five level, SF-12-PCS Medical Outcomes Study 12-Item Short Form Health Survey-Physical Component Summary, MCS Mental Component Summary, RCS Role/Social Component Summary, NRS Numerical Rating Scale, PDAS Pain Disability Assessment Scale, PCS Pain Catastrophizing Scale, TSK-11 Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia eleven, PSEQ Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9

ISSN: 1751-0759