Table 1 Changes in Chalder FS scores and blood biomarkers by a two-month yoga intervention in the yoga group
Profile | RV | Pre | Post | ∆ | 95% CI | UPV | FPV | C | FC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatigue | |||||||||
 Chalder FS score |  | 25.9 ± 6.1 | 19.2 ± 7.5 | −6.7 ± 6.9 | − 10.6; − 2.9 | 0.002 | 0.002 |  |  |
Serum biomarkers | |||||||||
 Cortisol (μg/dL) | 3–20 | 11.5 ± 8.3 | 10.4 ± 6.3 | −1.0 ± 4.7 | −3.7; 1.7 | 0.552 | 1 | 0.601 | 0.801 |
 DHEA-S (μg/dL) | 13–290 | 178.4 ± 67.7 | 180.5 ± 66.5 | 2.1 ± 25.2 | −12.5; 16.6 | 0.763 | 1 | 0.794 | 0.907 |
 TNF-α (pg/mL) | 0.7–1.7 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | −0.1 ± 0.3 | − 0.2; 0.1 | 0.478 | 1 | 0.006 | 0.048 |
 IL-6 (pg/mL) | < 4.0 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.6 | 0.1 ± 0.7 | −0.3; 0.5 | 0.478 | 1 | 0.833 | 0.833 |
 PRL (ng/mL) | < 20 | 11.4 ± 6.3 | 11.1 ± 6.3 | −0.3 ± 5.9 | −3.6; 2.9 | 0.839 | 0.958 | 0.219 | 0.876 |
 Carnitine | |||||||||
  Total (μmol/L) | 45–91 | 53 ± 12.5 | 52.6 ± 12.4 | 0.4 ± 10.0 | −5.9; 5.2 | 0.885 | 0.885 | 0.292 | 0.584 |
  Free (μmol/L) | 36–74 | 43.9 ± 11.3 | 43.1 ± 11.2 | −0.8 ± 10.3 | −6.5; 4.9 | 0.767 | 1 | 0.538 | 0.861 |
  Acyl (μmol/L) | 6–23 | 9.1 ± 3.1 | 9.6 ± 3.7 | 0.4 ± 3.4 | −1.5; 2.3 | 0.650 | 1 | 0.240 | 0.639 |
Plasma biomarkers | |||||||||
 TGF-β1(ng/mL) | 1.6–3.2 | 13.1 ± 16.2 | 10 ± 8.5 | −3.1 ± 14.1 | −11.6; 5.5 | 0.753 | 0.941 | 0.943 | 0.943 |
 BDNF (pg/mL) | 6186–42,580 | 5758 ± 8184 | 4237 ± 4522 | − 1521 ± 5442 | − 4663; 1621 | 0.594 | 0.990 | 0.922 | 1 |
 MHPG (ng/mL) | 3.2–5.9 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 1.3 | 0.1 ± 0.8 | −0.3; 0.5 | 0.925 | 0.925 | 0.880 | 1 |
 HVA (ng/mL) | 4.4–15.1 | 9.1 ± 3.7 | 10.9 ± 9.4 | 1.8 ± 6.7 | −1.9; 5.5 | 0.379 | 0.947 | 0.257 | 1 |
 α-MSH (pg/ml) | 12.7–14.5 | 16.8 ± 5.2 | 17.6 ± 5.1 | 0.8 ± 1.5 | −0.2; 1.8 | 0.112 | 0.560 | 0.580 | 1 |
Autonomic function indices | |||||||||
 HR (bpm) |  | 88.1 ± 8.5 | 85 ± 9.5 | −3.1 ± 12.0 | −10.3; − 4.1 | 0.369 | 1 | 0.096 | 0.288 |
 HF (ms2) | 83–3630 | 74.7 ± 79.4 | 70.4 ± 62.3 | −4.3 ± 87.4 | −57.1; 48.5 | 0.861 | 1 | 0.007 | 0.042 |
 LF (ms2) | 193–1009 | 163.4 ± 197.1 | 204.9 ± 363.9 | 41.5 ± 434.3 | − 220.9; 304.0 | 0.972 | 0.972 | 0.563 | 0.563 |
 LF/HF | 1.1–11.6 | 4.5 ± 5.4 | 4.8 ± 7.1 | −0.2 ± 5.1 | −2.8; 3.3 | 0.463 | 1 | 0.341 | 0.682 |
 CVR-R (%) |  | 3.5 ± 1.6 | 3.5 ± 1.5 | −0.1 ± 2.3 | −1.4; 1.3 | 0.507 | 0.760 | 0.351 | 0.526 |
 RR (/min) |  | 17.4 ± 3.9 | 16.4 ± 5.2 | −1.0 ± 5.1 | −4.1; 5.1 | 0.497 | 0.994 | 0.538 | 0.645 |