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Table 3 Differences by the paired t-test between summer and winter scores on the GHQ28 and CES-D

From: Seasonality in mood and behaviours of Japanese residents in high-latitude regions: transnational cross-sectional study

 

UK (n = 105)

Nordic Countries (n = 40)

Japan (n = 96)

Southeast Asia (n = 51)

Mean

SD

t

p

Mean

SD

t

p

Mean

SD

t

p

Mean

SD

t

p

GHQ28 Total score

Winter

25.47

12.30

4.08

**

25.53

12.36

2.30

*

22.78

9.32

.00

n.s.

23.18

9.03

1.34

n.s.

Summer

20.93

10.62

20.90

8.35

22.72

10.49

21.84

9.42

Somatic symptoms (GHQ28)

Winter

7.45

4.16

2.57

**

6.90

3.84

1.47

n.s.

6.77

3.85

.22

n.s.

7.04

3.55

.41

n.s.

Summer

6.29

4.08

6.08

3.25

6.66

3.61

6.84

4.09

Anxiety/insomnia (GHQ28)

Winter

8.16

4.59

3.57

**

8.33

4.47

2.47

*

7.07

3.78

.41

n.s.

7.37

3.03

.11

n.s.

Summer

6.63

3.99

6.60

3.20

6.9

3.77

7.33

3.60

Social dysfunction (GHQ28)

Winter

7.31

2.79

2.57

**

7.30

2.48

2.40

*

6.76

2.15

.07

n.s.

6.43

1.80

1.13

n.s.

Summer

6.48

2.70

6.03

2.28

6.73

2.52

6.12

1.93

Severe depression (GHQ28)

Winter

2.54

4.20

2.79

**

3.00

4.24

1.25

n.s.

2.18

2.79

.73

n.s.

2.33

3.25

2.10

n.s.

Summer

1.54

2.73

2.20

3.20

2.44

3.26

1.55

2.75

CES-D

Winter

13.12

8.34

−3.72

**

13.55

8.84

2.30

*

12.21

6.99

.80

n.s

10.90

5.58

1.45

n.s.

Summer

10.66

7.17

10.78

7.55

11.66

7.76

9.80

9.42

  1. GHQ28 General Health Questionnaire 28, CES-D The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
  2. *p < .05, **p < .01
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