Inhibition of emotional needs and emotional wellbeing predict disease progression of chronic hepatitis C patients: an 8-year prospective study

Table 4 Psychosocial factors in association with subsequent disease progression^a in 227 patients with chronic hepatitis C, after excluding patients who met an event or was censored within the first one year of follow-up^b

	Model 1^c		Model 2^d		Model 3^e
Scale	HR (95 % CI) ^f	P value	HR (95 % CI)	P value	HR (95 % CI)	P value
Stress Inventory
Type-I-related scales
Low sense of control	1.08 (0.84–1.40)	0.55	1.13 (0.85–1.49)	0.40	1.12 (0.84–1.48)	0.45
Object dependence of loss	1.21 (0.90–1.62)	0.20	1.23 (0.89–1.69)	0.21	1.25 (0.90–2.28)	0.11
Unfulfilled need for acceptance	1.31 (1.03–1.67)	0.026	1.33 (1.01–1.74)	0.041	1.35 (1.02–1.77)	0.036
Altruism	1.16 (0.88–1.53)	0.31	1.24 (0.90–1.70)	0.18	1.19 (0.87–1.63)	0.27
Total score	1.32 (0.94–1.83)	0.11	1.39 (0.96–2.02)	0.08	1.38 (0.95–2.01)	0.10
FACIT
FACIT-G
Physical wellbeing	0.53 (0.35–0.78)	0.002	0.76 (0.49–1.18)	0.22	0.80 (0.51–1.24)	0.32
Emotional wellbeing	0.54 (0.34–0.84)	0.006	0.60 (0.37–0.97)	0.036	0.60 (0.37–0.98)	0.041
Functional wellbeing	0.63 (0.47–0.85)	0.002	0.72 (0.49–1.04)	0.08	0.71 (0.49–1.04)	0.07
Social/familial wellbeing	1.11 (0.78–1.56)	0.57	1.00 (0.68–1.46)	1.00	0.91 (0.62–1.34)	0.63
Total score	0.45 (0.25–0.79)	0.006	0.56 (0.29–1.08)	0.08	0.54 (0.29–1.04)	0.07
FACIT-Sp
Meaning/peace	0.56 (0.38–0.83)	0.004	0.70 (0.46–1.07)	0.10	0.64 (0.41–0.98)	0.040
Faith	0.85 (0.61–1.18)	0.32	0.82 (0.57–1.18)	0.29	0.75 (0.52–1.10)	0.14
Total score	0.59 (0.39–0.90)	0.013	0.70 (0.45–1.09)	0.12	0.62 (0.40–0.98)	0.042
Total score (G + Sp)	0.43 (0.25–0.77)	0.004	0.55 (0.29–1.04)	0.06	0.51 (0.27–0.96)	0.037

HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, FACIT functional assessment of cancer therapy, FACIT-G FACIT-General, FACIT-Sp FACIT-Spiritual. ^aDisease progression was defined as either the first diagnosis of HCC or hepatitis-related death, such as hepatic failure and upper gastro-intestinal bleeding.^bUsing Cox proportional hazards models fitted to time-event data where event was either death associated with hepatitis or diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. ^cAdjusted for age and sex. ^dAdjusted for age, sex, and baseline known risk factors^; cirrhosis, alanine transaminase (ALT), platelet count, alpha fetoprotein, diabetes, and alcohol-drinking. ^eAdjusted for age, sex, baseline known risk factors, and treatment-related factors during the follow-up period^; ALT (most recent value) and results of antiviral treatments (sustained virological response, sustained biological response, or no response) as time-dependent variables. ^fHR associated with a 1-point increment in the scores of the Stress Inventory scales and the FACIT scales

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