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Table 1 Prospective studies reporting an association between caregiver stress and childhood asthma

From: Parental stress and the onset and course of childhood asthma

Author, year

Caregiver

 

Children

F/U Period

Results

 

Attribute

Stress and relevant factors

 

Attribute

N

Age, baseline

Outcomes

Onset of disease

        

Wright, 2002

Caregivers

Perceived stress

 

Predisposed

496

2 to 3 m

Wheezing

1y

Positive assoc. b/w caretakers’ perceived stress and child's wheezing occurrence

Milam, 2008

Parent

Perceived stress

 

Healthy

2888

5 to 6 y

Wheezing

1y

Positive assoc. b/w parental stress and child's wheezing incidence, in parents with asthma or in boys

Wood, 2011

Mother

Pregnancy anxiety, postnatal depression, perceived stress, difficult life circumstances

 

Predisposed

560

Pre-born

Wheezing

1y (2nd/3rd trimester to age 1y)

Positive assoc. b/w mother's stress/depression and multiple wheezing

Reyes, 2011

Mother

Prenatal/postnatal demoralization

 

African Americans/Hispanics

279

Pre-born

Wheezing

5y (3rd trimester to age 5y)

Positive assoc. b/w mother's prenatal demoralization with wheezing

Guxens, 2014

Mother and Father

Psychological distress, depression, anxiety

 

General population

4848

Pre-born

Wheezing, age 1 to 4y; asthma diagnosis, age 6y

6y (2nd trimester to age 6y)

Positive assoc. b/w mother's prenatal distress/depression/anxiety and child's wheezing/asthma

Course of disease

        

Weil, 1999

Parent

Mental health, life stress, social support, parenting style

 

Patients with asthma

1528

4 to 9 y

Asthma symptoms, wheezing, hospitalization

9 m

Positive assoc. b/w mental health and hospitalization

Bartlett, 2004

Mother

Depression

 

Patients with asthma

158

8y in average

Asthma morbidity, ED visits

6 m

No assoc. b/w mother's depression and morbidity; Some assoc. b/w mother's depression and a constellation of beliefs and attitudes that may influence adherence

Nagano, 2010

Mother

Behavioral pattern associated with chronic stress, parenting style

 

Patients with asthma

223

2 to 12 y

Asthma symptoms (severity)

1y

<7y: positive assoc. b/w chronic irritation/emotional suppression and asthma severity; no assoc. with parenting style. 7+ y: positive assoc. b/w over interference and asthma severity; negative assoc. with egocentric behavior.

Lange, 2011

Mother and Father

Fathers: PTSD, depression, antisocial behaviour Mothers: depression

 

Puerto Rican twins and their parents

339 pairs

1 y

Asthma symptoms, oral steroid use, hospitalization

2y

Positive assoc. b/w paternal depression and oral steroid use, maternal depression and hospitalization