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Table 4 Comparison of scale scores between the non-treatment and the four treatment groups

From: Development of a novel, short, self-completed questionnaire on empowerment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and an analysis of factors affecting patient empowerment

Therapy

Diet

Exercise

Hypoglycemic agents

Insulin

Scale

Treatment

Non-treatment

P-value

Treatment

Non-treatment

P-value

Treatment

Non-treatment

P-value

Treatment

Non-treatment

P-value

 

n = 184

n = 154

(effect size)

n = 102

n = 236

(effect size)

n = 208

n = 130

(effect size)

n = 156

n = 182

(effect size)

Self-managed dietary behaviors1)

13.79 ± 2.05

12.26 ± 2.79

< 0.01 (d = 0.63)

14.03 ± 2.04

12.69 ± 2.61

< 0.01 (d = 0.55)

13.12 ± 2.52

13.05 ± 2.56

0.83 (d = 0.03)

13.14 ± 2.46

13.04 ± 2.59

0.71

Self-managed exercise behaviors2)

7.88 ± 3.14

7.28 ± 3.00

0.07 (d = 0.20)

9.35 ± 2.42

6.85 ± 3.04

< 0.01 (d = 0.87)

7.65 ± 3.04

7.53 ± 3.16

0.72 (d = 0.04)

7.56 ± 3.16

7.64 ± 3.03

0.82

Psychological impact of diabetes3)

10.89 ± 3.42

11.16 ± 2.72

0.43 (d = 0.09)

10.36 ± 3.42

11.30 ± 2.94

0.01 (d = 0.30)

10.57 ± 3.16

11.72 ± 2.92

< 0.01 (d = 0.37)

11.77 ± 2.86

10.37 ± 3.19

< 0.01 (d = 0.46)

Patient–family communication:

            

Positive feedback4)

8.98 ± 4.38

8.01 ± 3.71

0.03 (d = 0.24)

9.10 ± 4.55

8.30 ± 3.90

0.10 (d = 0.19)

8.63 ± 4.25

8.40 ± 3.90

0.62 (d = 0.06)

8.72 ± 4.03

8.39 ± 4.19

0.47 (d = 0.08)

Patient–family communication:

            

Negative feedback5)

5.28 ± 2.78

5.37 ± 2.90

0.78 (d = 0.03)

4.81 ± 2.49

5.54 ± 2.95

0.03 (d = 0.26)

5.21 ± 2.86

5.51 ± 2.78

0.34 (n = 0.11)

5.34 ± 2.74

5.31 ± 2.92

0.92

HbA1c (%)

7.29 ± 1.00

7.59 ± 1.28

0.02 (d = 0.26)

7.41 ± 0.98

7.44 ± 1.21

0.78 (d = 0.03)

7.44 ± 1.09

7.42 ± 1.24

0.52 (d = 0.02)

7.57 ± 1.16

7.31 ± 1.13

0.04

  1. 1), 2), 4): Higher scores are better; 3), 5): Lower scores are better.
  2. Data are expressed as mean ± SD.