Therapy | Diet | Exercise | Hypoglycemic agents | Insulin | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scale | Treatment | Non-treatment | P-value | Treatment | Non-treatment | P-value | Treatment | Non-treatment | P-value | Treatment | Non-treatment | P-value |
 | n = 184 | n = 154 | (effect size) | n = 102 | n = 236 | (effect size) | n = 208 | n = 130 | (effect size) | n = 156 | n = 182 | (effect size) |
Self-managed dietary behaviors1) | 13.79 ± 2.05 | 12.26 ± 2.79 | < 0.01 (d = 0.63) | 14.03 ± 2.04 | 12.69 ± 2.61 | < 0.01 (d = 0.55) | 13.12 ± 2.52 | 13.05 ± 2.56 | 0.83 (d = 0.03) | 13.14 ± 2.46 | 13.04 ± 2.59 | 0.71 |
Self-managed exercise behaviors2) | 7.88 ± 3.14 | 7.28 ± 3.00 | 0.07 (d = 0.20) | 9.35 ± 2.42 | 6.85 ± 3.04 | < 0.01 (d = 0.87) | 7.65 ± 3.04 | 7.53 ± 3.16 | 0.72 (d = 0.04) | 7.56 ± 3.16 | 7.64 ± 3.03 | 0.82 |
Psychological impact of diabetes3) | 10.89 ± 3.42 | 11.16 ± 2.72 | 0.43 (d = 0.09) | 10.36 ± 3.42 | 11.30 ± 2.94 | 0.01 (d = 0.30) | 10.57 ± 3.16 | 11.72 ± 2.92 | < 0.01 (d = 0.37) | 11.77 ± 2.86 | 10.37 ± 3.19 | < 0.01 (d = 0.46) |
Patient–family communication: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Positive feedback4) | 8.98 ± 4.38 | 8.01 ± 3.71 | 0.03 (d = 0.24) | 9.10 ± 4.55 | 8.30 ± 3.90 | 0.10 (d = 0.19) | 8.63 ± 4.25 | 8.40 ± 3.90 | 0.62 (d = 0.06) | 8.72 ± 4.03 | 8.39 ± 4.19 | 0.47 (d = 0.08) |
Patient–family communication: |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Negative feedback5) | 5.28 ± 2.78 | 5.37 ± 2.90 | 0.78 (d = 0.03) | 4.81 ± 2.49 | 5.54 ± 2.95 | 0.03 (d = 0.26) | 5.21 ± 2.86 | 5.51 ± 2.78 | 0.34 (n = 0.11) | 5.34 ± 2.74 | 5.31 ± 2.92 | 0.92 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.29 ± 1.00 | 7.59 ± 1.28 | 0.02 (d = 0.26) | 7.41 ± 0.98 | 7.44 ± 1.21 | 0.78 (d = 0.03) | 7.44 ± 1.09 | 7.42 ± 1.24 | 0.52 (d = 0.02) | 7.57 ± 1.16 | 7.31 ± 1.13 | 0.04 |