Development of a novel, short, self-completed questionnaire on empowerment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and an analysis of factors affecting patient empowerment

Hara, Yoriko; Iwashita, Sanae; Okada, Akira; Tajiri, Yuji; Nakayama, Hitomi; Kato, Tomoko; Nakao, Motoyuki; Tsuboi, Koji; Breugelmans, Raoul; Ishihara, Yoko

doi:10.1186/1751-0759-8-19

Table 2 Construct validity test for the short version of the empowerment questionnaire

From: Development of a novel, short, self-completed questionnaire on empowerment for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and an analysis of factors affecting patient empowerment

	Pearson’s correlation coefficients	Cronbach’s α	Pearson’s correlation coefficients	Cronbach’s α
Self-managed dietary behaviors questionnaire (four-step answers, higher scores are better)
Self-managed dietary behaviors scale		0.747		0.778
A-1 Do you eat three meals a day?	0.245		-
A-2 Are you taking your meals at fixed times every day?	0.325		-
A-3 Do you follow the meal plans specified by the physician or dietitian?	0.561		0.643
A-4 Do you observe balanced food intake in your three meals?	0.666		0.701
A-5 Do you stick to the amounts specified for staple foods?	0.570		0.619
A-6 Do you eat protein at meals?	0.365		-
A-7 Do you eat vegetables at all three meals?	0.489		0.390
Self-managed exercise behaviors questionnaire (four-step answers, higher scores are better)
Self-managed exercise behaviors scale		0.891		0.891
A-8 Do you exercise more than 20 minutes a day?	0.829		0.829
A-9 Do you remember to exercise even if busy at work or home?	0.846		0.846
A-10 Do you come up with different ways to exercise when the weather is bad?	0.691		0.691
ADS questionnaire (five-step answers)
Psychological impact of diabetes scale (lower scores are better)	0.758		0.758
B-1 How upsetting is having diabetes for you?	0.555		0.555
B-3 How much uncertainty do you currently experience in your life as a result of being diabetic?	0.617		0.617
B-4 How likely is your diabetes to worsen over the next several years? (Try to give an estimate based on your personal feeling rather than based on a rational judgment.)	0.502		0.502
B-7 To what degree does your diabetes get in the way of your developing life goals?	0.553		0.553
Sense of self-control over diabetes scale (higher scores are better)	0.552
B-2 How much control over your diabetes do you have?	0.382		-
B-6 How effective are you in coping with your diabetes?	0.382		-
Self-effort in diabetic control scale (higher scores are better)
B-5 Do you believe that achieving good diabetic control is due to your efforts as compared to factors which are beyond your control?	1.000		-
DFBC questionnaire (five-step answers)
Patient-family communication scale (negative feedback, lower scores are better)	0.735		0.735
D-4 Criticize you for not exercising regularly?	0.529		0.529
D-6 Nag you about not following your diet?	0.629		0.629
D-7 Argue with you about your diabetes self-care activities?	0.553		0.553
Patient-family communication scale (positive feedback, higher scores are better)	0.693		0.695
D-1 Praise you for following your diet?	0.454		0.499
D-3 Suggest things that might help you take insulin on time?	0.427		0.412
D-9 Plan family activities so that they will fit in with your diabetes self-care schedule?	0.469		0.425
D-10 Congratulate you for sticking to your diabetes self-care schedule?	0.568		0.588
D-13 Exercise with you?	0.255		-
D-15 Buy you things containing sugar to carry with you in case of hypoglycemic reaction?	0.380		-

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ISSN: 1751-0759

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