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Table 1 Independent variables, number of items, Cronbach' α, and item

From: Psychosocial factors associated with smoking and drinking among Japanese early adolescent boys and girls: Cross-sectional study

Variable

No. of items

Possible range of scores

Cronbach' α

Items

Self-assertive efficacy to resist peer pressure

    

   Self-assertive efficacy against smoking

1

1–5

Item

How much assertiveness can you express when you are asked by your friends about smoking? (cannot express, cannot express somewhat, neither of them, can express a little, can express)

   Self-assertive efficacy against drinking

1

1–5

Item

How much assertiveness can you express when you are asked by your friends about drinking? (cannot express, cannot express somewhat, neither of them, can express a little, can express)

Parental involvement

5

5–25

0.81

How much do your parents or guardians know about your friends; activities; health habits; how you spend your time after school and on weekends; how you are doing at school? (almost nothing, little, neither know nor unknown, a little, a lot)

School adjustment

3

3–15

0.73

How hard or easy is it for you to... follow rules, pay attention in class, and get along with teachers? (much harder, a little harder, neither harder nor easier, a little easier, much easier)

Deviant peer influence

    

   Number of friends who smoke

1

0–4

Item

How many of your four closest friends (0–4) smoke?

   Number of friends who drink alcohol

1

0–4

Item

How many of your four closest friends (0–4) drink alcohol?

  1. Psychosocial variables, number of items, internal consistency of index, and items with response options are shown.